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Introduction to Algorithms, fourth edition 4th Edition

4.4 4.4 out of 5 stars 550 ratings

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A comprehensive update of the leading algorithms text, with new material on matchings in bipartite graphs, online algorithms, machine learning, and other topics.

Some books on algorithms are rigorous but incomplete; others cover masses of material but lack rigor.
Introduction to Algorithms uniquely combines rigor and comprehensiveness. It covers a broad range of algorithms in depth, yet makes their design and analysis accessible to all levels of readers, with self-contained chapters and algorithms in pseudocode. Since the publication of the first edition, Introduction to Algorithms has become the leading algorithms text in universities worldwide as well as the standard reference for professionals. This fourth edition has been updated throughout.

New for the fourth edition
  • New chapters on matchings in bipartite graphs, online algorithms, and machine learning
  • New material on topics including solving recurrence equations, hash tables, potential functions, and suffix arrays
  • 140 new exercises and 22 new problems
  • Reader feedback–informed improvements to old problems
  • Clearer, more personal, and gender-neutral writing style
  • Color added to improve visual presentation
  • Notes, bibliography, and index updated to reflect developments in the field
  • Website with new supplementary material

Warning: Avoid counterfeit copies of Introduction to Algorithms by buying only from reputable retailers. Counterfeit and pirated copies are incomplete and contain errors.
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Editorial Reviews

About the Author

Thomas H. Cormen is Emeritus Professor of Computer Science at Dartmouth College. Charles E. Leiserson is Edwin Sibley Webster Professor in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT. Ronald L. Rivest is Institute Professor at MIT. Clifford Stein is Wai T. Chang Professor of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, and of Computer Science at Columbia University.

Product details

  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ The MIT Press; 4th edition (April 5, 2022)
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 1312 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 026204630X
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0262046305
  • Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 2.31 pounds
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 8.38 x 2.18 x 9.31 inches
  • Customer Reviews:
    4.4 4.4 out of 5 stars 550 ratings

About the author

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Thomas H. Cormen
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Thomas H. Cormen is Emeritus Professor and former Chair of the Dartmouth College Department of Computer Science and former director of the Dartmouth College Institute for Writing and Rhetoric. He received the B.S.E. degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from Princeton University in 1978 and the S.M. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from MIT in 1986 and 1993, respectively. He is coauthor of the leading textbook on computer algorithms, Introduction to Algorithms, which he wrote with Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein. The book, now in its fourth edition, has been translated into several languages. He is also the author of Algorithms Unlocked, a gentle introduction to understanding computer algorithms and how they relate to real-world problems.

Since retiring from Dartmouth, Cormen serves in the New Hampshire House of Representatives, representing the city of Lebanon, New Hampshire. He serves on the Science, Technology and Energy Committee.

In his spare time, Cormen likes skating (inline and nordic), paddling, and cooking and eating barbecue. He considers himself the world's worst electrician who has a Ph.D. in electrical engineering.

Customer reviews

4.4 out of 5 stars
4.4 out of 5
550 global ratings
Amazing quality and quantity. (
5 Stars
Amazing quality and quantity. (
Truly like doctors reference book for programming and understanding algorithms form my few days with it so far.Terrible shipping practices, my book has a rip in the cover :( idk what to do with that but it sucks for such a great book and so expensive to be thrown in an envelope. Considering a replacement.Whats not relevant to algorithmic studies? politics or virtue signaling.(last image is my reference on waisted time finding words to replace them... a lot of us are scientists, we shouldn't need to participate in this political madness "regretfully uncles", let's just stick to science, and being good to others and let's use our discoverys to help others in need, what your all doing is demeaning to me and others like me and a huge waist of time.)
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Top reviews from the United States

Reviewed in the United States on April 25, 2024
The book arrived in great condition. It's right as advertised. The pages are really shiny, there nice-looking illustrations. As far as its contents is concerned my first impressions are really good, I will start reading it pretty soon.
Reviewed in the United States on February 25, 2024
Have you heard of Ron Rivest?

I love this book because I like clear, explicit, unambiguous technical information. I'm using it for my introduction to algorithms class. It does require a certain amount of effort - it's not an easy read but then algorithms are not in a class with, say, amusing anectdotes about puppies. I sit in my armchair and leaf through it. When the urge to think hard comes upon me, I go to my desk and attempt problems.

The inconsistent base for indexing (zero or one) annoyed me and translating the pseudo-code to Python did not go smoothly but then I don't think coding these algorithms up and running them would have been that helpful anyway.

Of note, this is a very large book and likely produces a significant gravitaitonal field.
5 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on May 13, 2024
great product, great customer support, no issues with the shipping or delay. buy with confidence :)
Reviewed in the United States on January 17, 2023
The bible for learning algorithms. Highly recommended for anyone who is serious in learning algorithms. Concepts are clearly explained with proofs. Exercises and chapter end problems were really interesting and challenging, guiding students to think algorithmically. This is the best book in the field. Authors also reachable and helpful as and when needed. Some of the mathematical contents used in the proofs are clearly explained in the Appendix section.

Just writing some code to solve the problem is not sufficient at all. We should be able to solve the problem optimally, thinking out of the box while challenging the orthodox thinking and proving the correctness and analyzing the running time of the solution mathematically. This book covers all of them in one go.

However, there's a public controversy claiming that this edition is not significantly different from the previous one. In fact, the differences from the previous edition are clearly stated at the beginning of the book. As of my observation thus far, it is significantly different from the previous edition. They have introduced many new exercises and chapter end problems while removing just a few of them. The contents in elementary graph algorithms are slightly different as they are phrased differently from the previous one. Greedy algorithms chapter has significant changes. Apart from that, you have colored illusrtations in this edition. So, after all, there's a significant difference from the previous edition as of my observation.

The only downside I see is in the binding which is not that good in the fourth edition compared to the previous third edition. Nevertheless, It's well worth the payoff ! Go ahead and read it without any hesitations !
5 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on May 7, 2022
In a nutshell, this book is fantastic but it’s a bit academically oriented and I wouldn’t necessarily recommend it for most professionals as a “go to” algorithms book.

There’s “arguably” barely any changes since the previous edition so you almost might as well save yourself a buck on that end.
14 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on May 18, 2023
Truly like doctors reference book for programming and understanding algorithms form my few days with it so far.

Terrible shipping practices, my book has a rip in the cover :( idk what to do with that but it sucks for such a great book and so expensive to be thrown in an envelope. Considering a replacement.

Whats not relevant to algorithmic studies? politics or virtue signaling.(last image is my reference on waisted time finding words to replace them... a lot of us are scientists, we shouldn't need to participate in this political madness "regretfully uncles", let's just stick to science, and being good to others and let's use our discoverys to help others in need, what your all doing is demeaning to me and others like me and a huge waist of time.)
Customer image
5.0 out of 5 stars Amazing quality and quantity. (
Reviewed in the United States on May 18, 2023
Truly like doctors reference book for programming and understanding algorithms form my few days with it so far.

Terrible shipping practices, my book has a rip in the cover :( idk what to do with that but it sucks for such a great book and so expensive to be thrown in an envelope. Considering a replacement.

Whats not relevant to algorithmic studies? politics or virtue signaling.(last image is my reference on waisted time finding words to replace them... a lot of us are scientists, we shouldn't need to participate in this political madness "regretfully uncles", let's just stick to science, and being good to others and let's use our discoverys to help others in need, what your all doing is demeaning to me and others like me and a huge waist of time.)
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12 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on October 5, 2023
My experience with this book suggests that the mathematician Niels Abel was right when he counseled to ”Learn from the masters, not the pupils.”

Where this book’s material overlaps with Knuth’s “The Art of Computer Programming”, the latter repeatedly shows itself superior. For example, in explaining binary trees, Knuth discusses at length what they are, how they differ from general trees, how they can represent general trees, how one can traverse them without recursion (preorder vs. inorder vs. postorder), and how one can tweak them for various gains in performance. CLRS just barely (or doesn’t) touch on these fundamental topics. Which raises the question who exactly this book is for — the introduction suggests it is for new-ish students, yet here they are expecting said students to intuit what Knuth dedicates multiple chapters to in TAOCP.

And the rest of the book, or the parts I’ve read so far anyway, seem like that. Spotty exposition, leaving readers to scratch their heads over what are really the authors’ failures to properly introduce and expound on a subject in a nice and coherent way. Written by people who profess to understand what they write about, but who evidently lack the style and grace of a true master.
11 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on July 18, 2023
This book is by far the definitive book and resource for anything and everything algorithm related. If you come from a bootcamp background or are self taught this book will help you with understanding the fundamentals of algorithms. You don't need to know a particular language as the book doesn't use any one language but instead opts to show you the examples in pseudocode which you can then convert into any language you already know to try out the algorithms and get a feel for they would look and run in your language of choice.
4 people found this helpful
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Rodrigo
5.0 out of 5 stars Tardó dos semanas
Reviewed in Mexico on January 22, 2024
Está un poco golpeado en los bordes y tiene algunas rallas en la portada, pero es entendible ya que vino desde otro continente, fuera de eso está en buenas condiciones y seguirá siendo útil
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Rodrigo
5.0 out of 5 stars Tardó dos semanas
Reviewed in Mexico on January 22, 2024
Está un poco golpeado en los bordes y tiene algunas rallas en la portada, pero es entendible ya que vino desde otro continente, fuera de eso está en buenas condiciones y seguirá siendo útil
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Luciano Ribeiro
5.0 out of 5 stars O melhor e mais completo livro sobre algoritmos na atualidade
Reviewed in Brazil on February 25, 2023
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 O livro é o melhor e mais completo que conheço, a qualidade do texto é impecável, além da qualidade do conteúdo do livro, é de tirar o chapéu!
A capa dura é apenas um detalhe a mais, porém que faz toda diferença na obra.
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Luciano Ribeiro
5.0 out of 5 stars O melhor e mais completo livro sobre algoritmos na atualidade
Reviewed in Brazil on February 25, 2023
O livro é o melhor e mais completo que conheço, a qualidade do texto é impecável, além da qualidade do conteúdo do livro, é de tirar o chapéu!
A capa dura é apenas um detalhe a mais, porém que faz toda diferença na obra.
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10 people found this helpful
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PAUL
5.0 out of 5 stars Livre neuve et transport rapide
Reviewed in Canada on August 31, 2022
Bonjour, Je viens de recevoir la livre en bon condition. Neuve, tout est OK. Merci.
Aparna
5.0 out of 5 stars Good purchase
Reviewed in India on January 5, 2024
Good book
pierre schaus
3.0 out of 5 stars Livre écorné
Reviewed in Belgium on January 2, 2024
Contenu du livre excellent mais malheureusement livré écorné
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pierre schaus
3.0 out of 5 stars Livre écorné
Reviewed in Belgium on January 2, 2024
Contenu du livre excellent mais malheureusement livré écorné
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