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Creative Capital: Georges Doriot and the Birth of Venture Capital Hardcover – March 11, 2008
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In Creative Capital, Spencer Ante tells the compelling story of the enigmatic and quirky man--Georges Doriot--who created the venture capital industry. The author traces the pivotal events in Doriot's life, including his experience as a decorated brigadier general during World War II; as a maverick professor at Harvard Business School; and as the architect and founder of the first venture capital firm, American Research and Development. It artfully chronicles Doriot's business philosophy and his stewardship in startups, such as the important role he played in the formation of Digital Equipment Corporation and many other new companies that later grew to be influential and successful.
An award-winning Business Week journalist, Ante gives us a rare look at a man who overturned conventional wisdom by proving that there is big money to be made by investing in small and risky businesses. This vivid portrait of Georges Doriot reveals the rewards that come from relentlessly pursuing what-if possibilities--and offers valuable lessons for business managers and investors alike.
- Print length299 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherHarvard Business Review Press
- Publication dateMarch 11, 2008
- Dimensions6.25 x 1 x 9.5 inches
- ISBN-109781422101223
- ISBN-13978-1422101223
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Product details
- ASIN : 1422101223
- Publisher : Harvard Business Review Press; First Edition (March 11, 2008)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 299 pages
- ISBN-10 : 9781422101223
- ISBN-13 : 978-1422101223
- Item Weight : 1.41 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.25 x 1 x 9.5 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #826,918 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #327 in Numerology
- #339 in Venture Capital (Books)
- #2,428 in Business Professional's Biographies
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About the author

Spencer is Senior Vice President and Editorial Director with Edelman. He is a Pulitzer Prize-nominated and award-winning author, writer, editor, and journalist formerly with The Wall Street Journal, BusinessWeek and Wired. He has extensive experience across digital media, social media, broadcast, and print media and is the author of Creative Capital: Georges Doriot and the Birth of Venture Capital. Before joining Edelman, he was a Senior Special Writer in WSJ’s tech group as well as Deputy Bureau Chief responsible for U.S. business coverage.
As SVP and Editorial Director for Edelman’s Creative Network, Spencer combines the best practices of journalism, creative craft, data analysis and media expertise to help brands earn a place in the right conversations with authentic, human stories only they could tell. He leads teams that co-create editorial strategies for brands in technology, finance, health and other industries to achieve strategic marketing, communications and business objectives.
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While the book is centered on Georges Doriot, it weaves numerous themes from beginning to end - the creation of the European automobile industry; the imperfections of the US capitalist system, first with a shortage of capital for young companies then with the difficulty of regulatory agencies grasping a new, potent business model; the rise of Harvard as the world's leading graduate school of business; the creation of INSEAD, Europe's leading graduate business school: the application of science and technology to the art of war; the proactive involvement of a teacher as a mentor to students in and out of the classroom; a lifelong storybook romance; the creation and evolution of the venture capital industry; and the value of living one's life to better oneself, his/her family, and society.
Georges Doriot, The founder of the modern VC industry:
* Never graduated from college and dropped out of graduate school but became one of the most influential and popular professors at Harvard's Graduate School of Business.
* Led a revolution in the military by applying science to the art of war
* Financed and nurtured more than one hundred start-ups, including Digital Equipment Corporation and Cooper Laboratories
* Stressed common sense themes such as self-improvement, teamwork, and contributing to society.
* Believed in building companies for the long haul, not flipping them for a quick profit
* Was early to recognize the importance of globalization and creativity in the business world
* Mentored thousands of students, giving them advice, finding them jobs, guiding them in their careers, and taking extraordinarily personal interest in each and every one of their futures
"Doriot was the prophet of the "Start-up Nation," the leader of a social and economic crusade that democratized the clubby world of finance. More than any other person - through his teaching, writing, and leadership in the military, academic, and financial worlds - pioneered the transition to an economy built on entrepreneurship and innovation."
"Creative Capital" is a great read and is highly recommended for those in the "start-up" world that have lost their way. Today, we need another Doriot to democratize the clubby world of venture capital, nurture young companies, and pioneer a transition from investments in "me-too" products to truly innovative "first-in-class" products that can again fire-up America's economic and job creation engine.
--When he ran ARD (and also as Quartermaster, to some extent) he was relentlessly pragmatic, which seemed really unusual given the times (business moved slowly, emphasis on tradition) and especially surprising given how much the French usually love bureaucracy (l'administration).
--Occurs to me that he is a lovable character (in the book, the author seems to like him too) and that business tycoons are lovable when their approach comes from optimism, rather than perfectionism or some adherence to engineering efficiency.
--He really evaluated people on what they could do, which is something I think we've lost today -- everything is about credentials now. Few people in business have the confidence to hire on ability, which is why so many promising young people end up running big startups. Big problem for F500 companies. I think they're screwed from a talent perspective.
--The "why" of his life would have been something like, "why aren't things better?" which in its critical aspect is a French way of thinking after all.
--Stunning how many human innovations -- not just technical, but operational/process -- are military. Reminds me of Lewis Mumford, who has a quote in Technics and Civilizations where he says something to the effect of "guns allowed a human being, for the first time in history, to express himself at a distance." (Why are we at our best when fighting? Why are we so lazy that we don't think hard about things until it's life or death?)
In 1921, Doriot came to America on a steamship. Even though he had no friends or family in the United States, never graduated from college, and dropped out of graduate school, the Frenchman became, arguably, the most influential and popular professor at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Business. Over three generations, Doriot taught thousands of students [Page xiv].
He was early to recognize the importance of globalization and creativity in the business world. “A lot of the things that were attributed to Peter Drucker [link blog] were Doriot’s ideas” says Charles P. Waite [Page xv].
He believed in building companies for the long haul, not flipping them for a quick profit. Returns were the by-product of hard labor, not a goal. Doriot often worked with a company for a decade or more before realizing any return. That is why he often referred to his companies as his “children”. “When you have a child, you don’t ask what return you can expect” Doriot was quoted in a 1967 Fortune story “Of course, you have hopes – you hope the child will become President of the United States. But that is not very probable. I want them to do outstandingly well in their field. And if they do, the rewards will come. But if a man is good and loyal and does not achieve a so-called good rate of return, I will stay with him. Some people don’t become geniuses until after they are 24, you know. If I were a speculator, the question, of return would apply. But I don’t consider a speculator – in my definition of the word – constructive. I am building men and companies.” [Page xvii]
“A creative man merely has ideas; a resourceful man makes them practical.” [Page xviii]
[He] ushered a new era of corporate culture. At Digital, the engineer was king. Hierarchy was out. Controlled chaos was in. Like Jack Kerouac and the Beat Generation, Digital was a petri dish in which the counterculture was spawned in the late 1950s. “He was definitely part of a social revolution that loosened things up.”
For 20 years Doriot was a professor and a business advisor. “How did a man with hardly any experience running a business come to be such a world-class businessman? The answer is that during those years, dozens of companies hired the professor to help guide them through the worst disaster that ever hit the American economy. In that dark decade, Doriot gained a lifetime experience as an officer, director and consultant” [page 64].
American Research and Development Corporation (ARD)
The idea of an entity helping companies by making risky investments was born before World War II but could be implemented only in 1946. On June 6, 1946, the American Research and Development Corporation (ARD) was incorporated under Massachusetts law. It believed in “innovation, risk-taking and an unwavering belief in human potential”. They also realized that organizations with fiduciary resources and the seasoned operators running them were not daredevils skilled in the art of invention and that, conversely, inventors were struggling creative types with no money. ARD sought to bring together these two independent yet largely separate communities.
Typically, ARD preferred to take a hands-off approach. They were there to coach, guide and inspire. Running the business was the job of the entrepreneur. But quite often, circumstances called for more drastic action. [Page 121]
“Never go in venture capital if you want a peaceful life”. [Page 126] In 1953, Doriot was gloomy about the state of venture capital. “Venture capital is not fashionable anymore.” Waves of technologies seemed to come out of nowhere and crash onshore every twenty or thirty years. The trick of a venture capitalist was to catch the wave several years before it crested ad to bail out before it crashed. [Looks like speculation, or doesn’t it?] It is interesting to see how the great interest that existed seven or eight years ago in venture capital has disappeared and how the daring and courage which were prevalent at that time have now waned” wrote Doriot. [page 138]
A star is born – 1957
“In the early 1950s, the postwar euphoria of the previous decade that had infused Americans with a sense of infinite possibilities morphed into a Cold War miasma of fear and paranoia. Yet underneath the surface of fear, a subculture of experimentation and rebellion flourished. In the early – to mid-190s, Allen Ginsberg, jack Kerouac, and William Burroughs developed a radical new form of literature that emphasized “stream of consciousness” writing. Modern abstract painting by Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, and Mark Rothko overthrew European conventions of beauty and form. And in laboratories and universities across the northeastern seaboard, a bunch of scientists and engineers tinkered away on strange but powerful new electronics and computer devices that promised to completely change the way people communicated and conducted business. “ [Page 147]
In the spring 1957 Ken Olsen then at MIT would team up with his buddy Harlan Anderson. They had an idea and a plan. They needed some money. They approached General Dynamics, who “turned them down flat because we didn’t have any business experience.” Then they contacted ARD. ARD had the perfect formula: two grade A men paired with an outstanding idea. ARD offered $70,000 for a 70 percent stake. Ten percent was reserved for a seasoned manager (who would never be found or hired) and the remaining 20% to the 2 founders (12% to Olsen and 8% to Anderson). Because computers were not fashionable, the company project name was changed from Digital Computers to Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). [Pages 148-150]
The birth of a new industry
1957 was a critical year. America was shocked by the Sputnik. Public money flowed both to R&D with the creation of ARPA (later DARPA) and to venture capital through the new SBIC program. “Many of today’s most successful venture capitalists rightly point out that the SBIC program never created a company of considerable or lasting success. But if the SBIC program did little to advance the art and practice of successful venture investing, it did help propel the venture industry by attracting talented young men who later became pioneers of the field.
In 1957, Doriot also worked at the creation of INSEAD in Paris which was opened in September 1959. Doriot would have 3 careers in his life, a professor at Harvard business school (including helping in the creation of INSEAD), a consultant and even a administrator for the Army, the reason why he was a general and finally a VC with not only ARD but also at the origin of TED (UK), CED (Canada) and EED (Europe).
The success of DEC would make ARD highly successful but would also contribute to its end… As an investment company, ARD was highly regulated; compensation of its employees would become a long battle with SEC and IRS. Only 4 ARD employees would get DEC shares (worth $20M for each individual) and the allocation looked arbitrary to many. “Pressure was growing on ARD to divulge its growing mess of regulatory problems, and to take Digital public. But Doriot did not think Digital was ready to deal with the unforgiving spotlight of public ownership.” [Page 186]
Doriot did not prepare his succession, incentives were low for employees. Some left. Elfers was first and founded Greylock, Waite would follow him. “There was one more reason Elfers left. He realized along with an increasing number of investors in new companies that venture capital and the stock markets mixed as well as oil and water. For Elfers, the solutions to many of ARD’s problems was to take advantage of a new organizational form: the limited partnership (LP). In 1959, the first LP was organized in Palo Alto: Draper, Gaither & Anderson. Then in 1961, Arthur Rock, a former student of Doriot formed Davis & Rock. There were distinct advantages. General partners who ran the firm received not only a management fee, they also received a share of the capital gains. A limited partnership would avoid the glare of public disclosure.” [Page 190]
Still the DEC IPO was a success. “The Digital IPO amounted to a financial revolution. It was really mind-blowing that you could take such a small amount of seed capital and get ownership of a company that was worth more than IBM in a fairly short period of time.” [page 197]
The emergence of Silicon Valley
“Today many financiers and entrepreneurs assume the west coast always dominated the VC business. They simply do not realize the industry was pioneered by ARD and a few other northeastern firms in the three decades following World War II. So why did Silicon Valley take over leadership?” [page 227] Spencer Ante explains that with MIT, Harvard, in Boston and New York as the financial capital, the East Coast had a huge lead; but a hospitable climate, ethnic diversity and the vision of Terman at Stanford were critical for the West. “Terman was disturbed to find most of his top students fleeing to the east coast. In 1934, two of his best students, Dave Packard and William Hewlett, followed the same path. Terman wooed them back.” [page 229] Then following Fairchild, semiconductor makers started popping up all over northern California. “All It needed was a steady supply of venture capital.” It’s ironic to read that Tom Perkins declined joining ARD. He wanted to launch his own firm. With Sequoia, Kleiner Perkins would become one of the top 2 VCs in Silicon Valley. The rest is history… ARD was merged with Textron for $400M in 1972. It had made more than $200M in DEC from an initial $70k seed investment.
“In 1978, there were 23 venture funds managing $500 million. By 1983, there were 230 firms overseeing $11 billion. “ [page 250] No doubt, the East Coast missed some of the features that the West would develop with an open culture and the right incentives, in addition to what Doriot pioneered on the East Coast… He dies on June 2, 1987. He was 87 years old.
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